See -ien on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "obt",
"3": "-ion"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton -ion",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*-onos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *-onos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "-ion"
},
"expansion": "Welsh -ion",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "-yon"
},
"expansion": "Cornish -yon",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Breton -ion, -on, Proto-Brythonic *-onos, *-onā. Cognate to Welsh -ion, Cornish -yon.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "plural suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "lenner (“reader”) + -ien → lennerien (“readers”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mab (“son”) + -ien → mibien (“sons”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Noun pluralization suffix; sometimes with vocalic ablaut in the pluralized noun"
],
"id": "en--ien-br-suffix-hjcUKsNZ",
"links": [
[
"ablaut",
"ablaut#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "frm:-ien<id:-ian>",
"id": "-ian"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ola\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"-ian\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-nos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ānos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-iānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }\" data-id=\"-ian\" data-lang=\"fr\" data-title=\"-ien\" id=\"French:_-ian\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ain",
"3": "-an"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -ain and -an",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French -ien, from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus, from -ānus. Doublet of -ain and -an.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-iens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-éen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "+"
},
"expansion": "-ien m (noun-forming suffix, plural -iens, feminine -ienne)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "52 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 22 30 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 23 24 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Paris + -ien → Parisien (“a Parisian”)"
},
{
"text": "Californie + -ien → Californien (“a Californian”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns denoting where something or someone is from; -ian"
],
"id": "en--ien-fr-suffix-0~XFKAX7",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/jɛ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"France",
"Lyon"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "frm:-ien<id:-ian>",
"id": "-ian"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ola\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"-ian\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-nos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ānos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-iānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }\" data-id=\"-ian\" data-lang=\"fr\" data-title=\"-ien\" id=\"French:_-ian\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ain",
"3": "-an"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -ain and -an",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French -ien, from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus, from -ānus. Doublet of -ain and -an.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-iens",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iennes",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-éen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ien (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ienne, masculine plural -iens, feminine plural -iennes)",
"name": "fr-adj"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "52 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 22 30 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 23 24 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Paris + -ien → parisien (“Parisian”)"
},
{
"text": "Californie + -ien → californien (“Californian”)"
},
{
"text": "Vadim + -ien → vadimien (“of Roger Vadim Plemiannikov, French screenwriter, film director and producer”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms adjectives indicating relation to; -ian"
],
"id": "en--ien-fr-suffix-tooDJorP",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/jɛ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"France",
"Lyon"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-ie"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -ie",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ia",
"pos": "feminine singular"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ia (feminine singular)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -ie, -je, from Latin -ia (feminine singular). Nouns with this Latinate suffix were originally strong (i.e. invariable) feminines, but inflected forms in -ien arose when the distinction between strong and weak feminines collapsed in later Middle High German. These were then treated by analogy with local names like Böhmen, Franken, Sachsen etc. (all originally dative plural of a tribe name).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-ien n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 22 30 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Tscheche (“Czech person”) + -ien → Tschechien (“Czechia”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Jordan (“Jordan”, river) + -ien → Jordanien (“Jordan”, country)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form country names; -ia"
],
"id": "en--ien-de-suffix-doNg2j2K",
"links": [
[
"-ia",
"-ia"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i̯ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[i.ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[jən]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ia",
"pos": "neuter plural"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ia (neuter plural)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ia (neuter plural). In some cases, analysable within German as a regular plural of an earlier form in -ium; e.g. Principium as an obsolete variant of Prinzip. The singular ending was sometimes lost, leaving -ien as a new, irregular plural suffix. In other cases, simply following the Latin i-declension (singular in -e, plural in -ia).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "p"
},
"expansion": "-ien pl",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "German links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "16 15 12 27 15 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 17 7 28 15 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 80",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German pluralia tantum",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Material + -ien → Materialien",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Prinzip + -ien → Prinzipien",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Konzil + -ien → Konzilien",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plurals of some neuter nouns of Latin descent whose original plural ends in -ia."
],
"id": "en--ien-de-suffix-ZlZOuBH4",
"links": [
[
"-ia",
"-ia#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i̯ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[i.ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[jən]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ian"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French -ien",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ian",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ione",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ioun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-youn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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{
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"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
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"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 22 30 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 23 24 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian."
],
"id": "en--ien-enm-suffix-ULB5Bu33",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iˈɛːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-y"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"West Country"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-ee"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-ian",
"4": "ang:-ian",
"id": "infinitival"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōn\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōjan\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ian\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"ang\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"gmw-pro:*-ōjan<id:verbal>\", \"id\" : \"verbal\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ian\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"infinitival\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-ien\" id=\"Middle_English:_infinitival\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-jan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-jan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-janą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-janą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes:\n* The Old English weak class 2 suffix -ian, -iġan, by syncope from earlier *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.\n* The suffix -ian, -ġan in Old English verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from Proto-West Germanic *-jan, *-ijan, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ey",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iæn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-in",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Early Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kentish Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southern Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southwest Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "25 23 24 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 58",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-iere"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"id": "en--ien-enm-suffix-enm:infinitival",
"links": [
[
"infinitive",
"infinitive#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "later Kent; Southern and Southwest Midland; later Kent; Southern and Southwest Midland",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English, later Kent, Southern and Southwest Midland) Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:infinitival"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iːn/",
"note": "originally especially after heavy stems"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jə/",
"note": "with loss of final /n/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iː/",
"note": "with loss of final /n/; originally especially after heavy stems"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"North Sea Germanic",
"Old English"
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "-ien"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "fro:-ien<id:-ian>",
"id": "-ian"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ola\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"-ian\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-nos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ānos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-iānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" }\" data-id=\"-ian\" data-lang=\"frm\" data-title=\"-ien\" id=\"Middle_French:_-ian\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "equivalent -ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "feminine equivalent",
"4": "-ienne"
},
"expansion": "-ien (feminine equivalent -ienne)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle French entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
9
]
],
"english": "patrician",
"text": "patricien",
"translation": "patrician",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ian"
],
"id": "en--ien-frm-suffix-Oasokk93",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"inc": "wátien"
},
"expansion": "-ien (incorporating form of wátien)",
"name": "moh-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Mohawk",
"lang_code": "moh",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mohawk entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"has"
],
"id": "en--ien-moh-suffix-kVDHTF-S",
"links": [
[
"has",
"has"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "-ien"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "-ien"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ien"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ione"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ioun"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-yen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-yone"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-youn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:-iānus<id:-ian>",
"id": "-ian"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ola\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"-ian\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-nos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ānos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-iānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }\" data-id=\"-ian\" data-lang=\"fro\" data-title=\"-ien\" id=\"Old_French:_-ian\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -iānus, from -ānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "equivalent -iene",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "feminine equivalent",
"4": "-iene",
"5": "or",
"6": "-ienne"
},
"expansion": "-ien (feminine equivalent -iene or -ienne)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ian"
],
"id": "en--ien-fro-suffix-Oasokk93",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "obt",
"3": "-ion"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton -ion",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*-onos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *-onos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "-ion"
},
"expansion": "Welsh -ion",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "-yon"
},
"expansion": "Cornish -yon",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Breton -ion, -on, Proto-Brythonic *-onos, *-onā. Cognate to Welsh -ion, Cornish -yon.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "plural suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"Breton lemmas",
"Breton plural suffixes",
"Breton suffixes",
"Breton terms derived from Old Breton",
"Breton terms derived from Proto-Brythonic",
"Breton terms inherited from Old Breton",
"Breton terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "lenner (“reader”) + -ien → lennerien (“readers”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mab (“son”) + -ien → mibien (“sons”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Noun pluralization suffix; sometimes with vocalic ablaut in the pluralized noun"
],
"links": [
[
"ablaut",
"ablaut#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French adjective-forming suffixes",
"French countable suffixes",
"French doublets",
"French entries with etymon",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine suffixes",
"French noun-forming suffixes",
"French suffixes",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms derived from Old Latin",
"French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "frm:-ien<id:-ian>",
"id": "-ian"
},
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},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-janą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes:\n* The Old English weak class 2 suffix -ian, -iġan, by syncope from earlier *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.\n* The suffix -ian, -ġan in Old English verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from Proto-West Germanic *-jan, *-ijan, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ey",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iæn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-in",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Early Middle English",
"Kentish Middle English",
"Southern Middle English",
"Southwest Midland Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"infinitive",
"infinitive#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "later Kent; Southern and Southwest Midland; later Kent; Southern and Southwest Midland",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English, later Kent, Southern and Southwest Midland) Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:infinitival"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iːn/",
"note": "originally especially after heavy stems"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jə/",
"note": "with loss of final /n/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iː/",
"note": "with loss of final /n/; originally especially after heavy stems"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"North Sea Germanic",
"Old English"
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "-ien"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "fro:-ien<id:-ian>",
"id": "-ian"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ola\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"-ian\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-nos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ānos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-iānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" }\" data-id=\"-ian\" data-lang=\"frm\" data-title=\"-ien\" id=\"Middle_French:_-ian\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "equivalent -ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "feminine equivalent",
"4": "-ienne"
},
"expansion": "-ien (feminine equivalent -ienne)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle French entries with etymon",
"Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle French lemmas",
"Middle French suffixes",
"Middle French terms derived from Latin",
"Middle French terms derived from Old French",
"Middle French terms derived from Old Latin",
"Middle French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Middle French terms inherited from Latin",
"Middle French terms inherited from Old French",
"Middle French terms with usage examples",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
9
]
],
"english": "patrician",
"text": "patricien",
"translation": "patrician",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ian"
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"inc": "wátien"
},
"expansion": "-ien (incorporating form of wátien)",
"name": "moh-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Mohawk",
"lang_code": "moh",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mohawk entries with incorrect language header",
"Mohawk incorporating forms",
"Mohawk lemmas",
"Mohawk suffixes",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"has"
],
"links": [
[
"has",
"has"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "-ien"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "-ien"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ien"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ione"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ioun"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-yen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-yone"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-youn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:-iānus<id:-ian>",
"id": "-ian"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-ola\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"-ian\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-nos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ānos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-iānus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }\" data-id=\"-ian\" data-lang=\"fro\" data-title=\"-ien\" id=\"Old_French:_-ian\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -iānus, from -ānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "equivalent -iene",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "feminine equivalent",
"4": "-iene",
"5": "or",
"6": "-ienne"
},
"expansion": "-ien (feminine equivalent -iene or -ienne)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with etymon",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French suffixes",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms derived from Old Latin",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"glosses": [
"-ian"
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ien meaning in All languages combined (31.3kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-ien"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ien",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: adjective-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-ien"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ien",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: incorporating form of wátien",
"path": [
"-ien"
],
"section": "Mohawk",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ien",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.